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<title>Postern</title>

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<span id="openzim-page-title" class="mw-page-title-main"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Postern</span></span>

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<p>A <b>postern</b> is a secondary <a href="Door" title="Door">door</a> or <a href="Gate" title="Gate">gate</a> in a <a href="Fortification" title="Fortification">fortification</a> such as a <a href="City_wall" class="mw-redirect" title="City wall">city wall</a> or <a href="Castle" title="Castle">castle</a> <a href="Curtain_wall_(fortification)" title="Curtain wall (fortification)">curtain wall</a>. Posterns were often placed in concealed locations, allowing inconspicuous entrance and exit. In the event of a <a href="Siege" title="Siege">siege</a>, a postern could act as a <a href="Sally_port" title="Sally port">sally port</a>, allowing defenders to make a <a href="Sortie" title="Sortie">sortie</a> on the besiegers. Placed in a less exposed, less visible location, they were usually relatively small, and therefore easily defensible.<sup id="cite_ref-van_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-van-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

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<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Tactical_use">Tactical use</h2></div>

<p>Posterns were one of the essential means of ensuring safe communication between the <a href="Enceinte" title="Enceinte">enceinte</a> and the outerworks of a defensive fortification.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> An 1850 <a href="United_States_Military_Academy" title="United States Military Academy">West Point</a> course summary on permanent fortifications discusses the placement and construction of posterns.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

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<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Examples">Examples</h2></div>

<ul><li>In 1896, C.R. Condor, writing for the London Palestine Pilgrims' Text Society viewed <a href="Zion_Gate" title="Zion Gate">Zion Gate</a> in <a href="Jerusalem" title="Jerusalem">Jerusalem</a>, built west of one of the city's medieval main gates, as a likely postern. Also mentioned were the postern of St. Lazarus, west of the <a href="Damascus_Gate" title="Damascus Gate">Damascus Gate</a>; the postern of the Tanners' Gate; and the postern of the Madeleine at <a href="Herod's_Gate" title="Herod's Gate">Herod's Gate</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Right of the <a href="Golden_Gate_(Jerusalem)" title="Golden Gate (Jerusalem)">Golden Gate</a> is a small postern called the Gate of Jehosaphat.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li>

<li>The <a href="York_city_walls" title="York city walls">city walls of York</a> contained a number of posterns; at North Street Tower,<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the postern gate was demolished to accommodate the <a href="Great_North_of_England_Railway" title="Great North of England Railway">Great North of England Railway</a>. The tower still stands.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> There were also posterns at <a href="Fishergate" title="Fishergate">Fishergate</a>, and Longwalk.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Around 1672, the <a href="Castlegate_(York)" title="Castlegate (York)">Castlegate</a> postern was made wide enough for carriages.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The fourteenth-century <a href="Layerthorpe" title="Layerthorpe">Layerthorpe</a> Bridge, a crossing of the Foss, adjacent to the King's Pool, was once attached to a postern in the city wall, known as Layerthorpe Postern.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The original <a href="Skeldergate" title="Skeldergate">Skeldergate</a> postern was only large enough to allow pedestrian traffic to and from the city.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li>

<li>In <a href="Oxford" title="Oxford">Oxford</a>, there was a postern in the east city wall called Windsore Postern.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> There were at least three posterns in the wall at <a href="New_College%2C_Oxford" title="New College, Oxford">New College Gardens</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li>

<li>The <a href="Tower_Hill_Postern" title="Tower Hill Postern">Tower Hill Postern</a> was a small fortified entrance at the eastern terminal point to the London Wall, at the junction of the Wall and the Tower of London moat. In the early 17th century the City and the Crown contested ownership of the postern as part of a Tower boundary dispute.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="Moorgate" title="Moorgate">Moorgate</a> was built by upgrading a postern built in 1415, and enlarged in 1472 and 1511.</li></ul>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Literature">Literature</h2></div>

<p>In literature, a postern features in the <a href="Girart_de_Roussillon" title="Girart de Roussillon"><i>Le Chanson de Girart de Roussillon</i></a>, where the hero makes use of one to escape when betrayed; as does <a href="Renaud_de_Montauban" title="Renaud de Montauban">Renaud de Montauban</a> in the <a href="Chanson_de_geste" title="Chanson de geste">chanson de geste</a>, <a href="The_Four_Sons_of_Aymon" title="The Four Sons of Aymon">The Four Sons of Aymon</a>. A postern also provided a safe retreat for <a href="Ogier_the_Dane" title="Ogier the Dane">Ogier the Dane</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-van_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-van-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p><p>In <a href="Thomas_Malory" title="Thomas Malory">Malory's</a> <a href="Le_Morte_d'Arthur" title="Le Morte d'Arthur">Le Morte d'Arthur</a>, "<a href="Brunor" title="Brunor">La Cote de Male Tayle</a>" is rescued at the Castle Orgulous when a damsel slips through the postern to find his horse and ties it to the postern so that La Cote de Male Tayle can escape the 100 knights assailing him.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p><p>The term is occasionally used in other contexts referring to a secondary door placed after a main entrance.

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<div class="gallerytext">North Street Postern Tower (aka Barker Tower), York</div>

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<div class="gallerytext">Postern in the <a href="Rampart_(fortification)" title="Rampart (fortification)">rampart</a> of <a href="Provins" title="Provins">Provins</a>, <a href="Seine-et-Marne" title="Seine-et-Marne">Seine-et-Marne</a>, France</div>

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<ul><li><a href="Sally_port" title="Sally port">Sally port</a></li></ul>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2></div>

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<li id="cite_note-van-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-van_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-van_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=m-TqPC6cRNYC&dq=Postern&pg=PA18">Van Emden, Wolgang. "Castle in Medieval French Literature", <i>The Medieval Castle: Romance and Reality</i> (Kathryn L. Reyerson, Faye Powe, eds.) U of Minnesota Press, 1991, p.17</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">

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</style><a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>9780816620036</bdi></span>

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<li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=aGXzAAAAMAAJ&dq=Postern&pg=PA154">Straith, Hector. <i>Treatise on Fortification and Artillery</i>, W. Allen, 1858, p.153</a></span>

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<li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=9d9xBkzC0vgC&dq=Postern&pg=PA140">Mahan, Dennis Hart. <i>Summary of the Course of Permanent Fortification</i>, U.S. Military Academy Press, 1850, pp.139 et seq.</a></span>

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<li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=1DpRAQAAIAAJ&dq=Postern&pg=RA1-PA4">Condor, C.R., "The City of Jerusalem", Palestine Pilgrims' Text Society, London, 1896, p.4</a></span>

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<li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=X3BTAAAAYAAJ&dq=Postern&pg=PA83">de Saulcy, Félicien. <i>Narrative of a Journey Round the Dead Sea</i>, R. Bentley, 1854, p.83</a></span>

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<li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.pastscape.org.uk/hob.aspx?hob_id=536734">"North Street Postern Tower", Historic England</a></span>

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<li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=WbNYAAAAcAAJ&dq=Postern&pg=PA36"><i>The Strangers' Guide to the City of York</i>, Blyth & Moore, 1850, p.36</a></span>

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<li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=0XFbAAAAQAAJ&dq=Postern&pg=PA230-IA3">Britton, J. and Brayley, E.W., <i>The beauties of England and Wales</i>, 1812, p.31</a></span>

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<li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=RQoNAAAAYAAJ&dq=Postern&pg=PA81">Davies, Robert. <i>Walks Through the City of York</i>, Chapman and Hall, 1880, p.81</a></span>

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<li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Hk1CqD5m-GEC&dq=Postern&pg=PA215">"York City Walls", <i>The Antiquary, 1889, p.215</i></a></span>

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<li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=QzcGAQAAIAAJ&dq=Postern&pg=PA305">Cooper, Thomas Parsons. <i>York: the Story of Its Walls, Bars, and Castles</i>, E. Stock, 1904, p.318</a></span>

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<li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=M2kJAAAAIAAJ&dq=Postern&pg=PA646">Wood, Anthony. <i>Survey of Antiquities of the City of Oxford</i>, Clarendon Press, 1889, pp. 108-109, 646</a></span>

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<li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=tldNAAAAMAAJ&dq=Postern&pg=PA83">Salter, Herbert Edward. <i>Records of Mediæval Oxford</i>, Oxford Chronicle Company, Lltd., 1912, p.83</a></span>

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<li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=m1HVs4PpV9YC&dq=Postern&pg=PA427"><i>Analytical Index to the Series of Records Known as the Remembrancia</i>, 1878, p.427</a></span>

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<li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Gmhfg0CkZ-AC&dq=Postern&pg=PT350">Malory, Thomas. <i>Le Morte D'Arthur</i>, Chap IV, Library of Alexandria, 1904</a></span>

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<div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <span style="font-weight: bold; font-style: italic;"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Posterns" class="extiw external" title="commons:Category:Posterns">Posterns</a></span>.</div></div>

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</style><div id="Fortifications332" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="Fortification" title="Fortification">Fortifications</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Ancient</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Abatis" title="Abatis">Abatis</a></li>

<li><a href="Acropolis" title="Acropolis">Acropolis</a></li>

<li><span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la"><a href="Agger_(ancient_Rome)" title="Agger (ancient Rome)">Agger</a></i></span></li>

<li><span title="Scots-language text"><i lang="sco"><a href="Broch" title="Broch">Broch</a></i></span></li>

<li><span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la"><a href="Burgus" title="Burgus">Burgus</a></i></span></li>

<li><a href="Caltrop" title="Caltrop">Caltrop</a></li>

<li><span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la"><a href="Castellum" title="Castellum">Castellum</a></i></span></li>

<li><span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la"><a href="Castra" title="Castra">Castra</a></i></span></li>

<li><span title="Spanish-language text"><i lang="es"><a href="Castro_culture" title="Castro culture">Castros</a></i></span></li>

<li><span title="Spanish-language text"><i lang="es"><a href="Chinese_city_wall" title="Chinese city wall">Chengqiang</a></i></span></li>

<li><a href="Circular_rampart" title="Circular rampart">Circular rampart</a></li>

<li><a href="Crannog" title="Crannog">Crannog</a></li>

<li><a href="Ditch_(fortification)" title="Ditch (fortification)">Ditch</a></li>

<li><a href="Defensive_wall" title="Defensive wall">Defensive wall</a></li>

<li><a href="Elevated_entrance" title="Elevated entrance">Elevated entrance</a></li>

<li><a href="Faussebraye" title="Faussebraye">Faussebraye</a></li>

<li><a href="Gatehouse" title="Gatehouse">Gatehouse</a></li>

<li><a href="Hillfort" title="Hillfort">Hillfort</a></li>

<li><a href="Landwehr_(border)" title="Landwehr (border)">Landwehr</a></li>

<li><span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la"><a href="Limes_(Roman_Empire)" title="Limes (Roman Empire)">Limes</a></i></span></li>

<li><a href="Nuraghe" title="Nuraghe">Nuraghe</a></li>

<li><span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la"><a href="Oppidum" title="Oppidum">Oppidum</a></i></span></li>

<li><a href="Palisade" title="Palisade">Palisade</a></li>

<li><a href="Pincer_gate" title="Pincer gate">Pincer gate</a></li>

<li><a href="Promontory_fort" title="Promontory fort">Promontory fort</a></li>

<li><a href="Rampart_(fortification)" title="Rampart (fortification)">Rampart</a></li>

<li><a href="Ringfort" title="Ringfort">Ringfort</a> (Rath)</li>

<li><a href="Refuge_castle" title="Refuge castle">Refuge castle</a></li>

<li><span title="German-language text"><i lang="de"><a href="Schwedenschanze" title="Schwedenschanze">Schwedenschanze</a></i></span></li>

<li><a href="Stockade" title="Stockade">Stockade</a></li>

<li><span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la"><a href="Sudis_(stake)" title="Sudis (stake)">Sudis</a></i></span></li>

<li><span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la"><a href="Vallum" title="Vallum">Vallum</a></i></span></li>

<li><a href="Wagon_fort" title="Wagon fort">Wagon fort</a> (<span title="Afrikaans-language text"><i lang="af">Laager</i></span>)</li>

<li><a href="Vitrified_fort" title="Vitrified fort">Vitrified fort</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Medieval_fortification" title="Medieval fortification">Post-classical</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Advanced_work" title="Advanced work">Advanced work</a></li>

<li><a href="Albarrana_tower" title="Albarrana tower">Albarrana tower</a></li>

<li><a href="Alcazaba" class="mw-redirect" title="Alcazaba">Alcazaba</a></li>

<li><span title="Spanish-language text"><i lang="es"><a href="Alc%C3%A1zar" title="Alcázar">Alcázar</a></i></span></li>

<li><a href="Arrowslit" title="Arrowslit">Arrowslit</a></li>

<li><a href="Barmkin" title="Barmkin">Barmkin</a></li>

<li><a href="Barbican" title="Barbican">Barbican</a></li>

<li><a href="Bartizan" title="Bartizan">Bartizan</a></li>

<li><a href="Bastion" title="Bastion">Bastion</a></li>

<li><a href="Battery_tower" title="Battery tower">Battery tower</a></li>

<li><a href="Battlement" title="Battlement">Battlement</a></li>

<li><a href="Bent_entrance" title="Bent entrance">Bent entrance</a></li>

<li><span title="German-language text"><i lang="de"><a href="Bergfried" title="Bergfried">Bergfried</a></i></span></li>

<li><span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr"><a href="Bret%C3%A8che" title="Bretèche">Bretèche</a></i></span></li>

<li><a href="Bridge_castle" title="Bridge castle">Bridge castle</a></li>

<li><a href="Bridge_tower" title="Bridge tower">Bridge tower</a></li>

<li><a href="Butter-churn_tower" title="Butter-churn tower">Butter-churn tower</a></li>

<li><a href="Castle" title="Castle">Castle</a></li>

<li><a href="Chamber_gate" title="Chamber gate">Chamber gate</a></li>

<li><a href="Chartaque" title="Chartaque">Chartaque</a></li>

<li><span title="Japanese-language text"><i lang="ja-Latn"><a href="Chashi" title="Chashi">Chashi</a></i></span></li>

<li><span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr"><a href="Chemin_de_ronde" title="Chemin de ronde">Chemin de ronde</a></i></span></li>

<li><span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr"><a href="Chemise_(wall)" title="Chemise (wall)">Chemise</a></i></span></li>

<li><span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr"><a href="Cheval_de_frise" title="Cheval de frise">Cheval de frise</a></i></span></li>

<li><a href="Citadel" title="Citadel">Citadel</a></li>

<li><a href="Coercion_castle" title="Coercion castle">Coercion castle</a></li>

<li><a href="Concentric_castle" title="Concentric castle">Concentric castle</a></li>

<li><a href="Corner_tower" title="Corner tower">Corner tower</a></li>

<li><a href="Counter-castle" title="Counter-castle">Counter-castle</a></li>

<li><a href="Curtain_wall_(fortification)" title="Curtain wall (fortification)">Curtain</a></li>

<li><a href="Drawbridge" title="Drawbridge">Drawbridge</a></li>

<li><span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr"><a href="Enceinte" title="Enceinte">Enceinte</a></i></span></li>

<li><span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr"><a href="Embrasure" title="Embrasure">Embrasure</a></i></span></li>

<li><a href="Flanking_tower" title="Flanking tower">Flanking tower</a></li>

<li>Fortified buildings (<a href="Fortified_church" title="Fortified church">church</a>, <a href="Fortified_house" title="Fortified house">house</a>, <a href="Dzong_architecture" title="Dzong architecture">Dzong</a>)</li>

<li><a href="Fujian_tulou" title="Fujian tulou">Fujian tulou</a></li>

<li><i><a href="Ganerbenburg" title="Ganerbenburg">Ganerbenburg</a></i></li>

<li><a href="Gate_tower" title="Gate tower">Gate tower</a></li>

<li><a href="Gabion" title="Gabion">Gabion</a></li>

<li><span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr"><a href="Glacis" title="Glacis">Glacis</a></i></span></li>

<li><a href="Guard_tower" class="mw-redirect" title="Guard tower">Guard tower</a></li>

<li><span title="Russian-language text"><i lang="ru-Latn"><a href="Gulyay-gorod" title="Gulyay-gorod">Gulyay-gorod</a></i></span></li>

<li><span title="Japanese-language text"><i lang="ja-Latn"><a href="Gusuku" title="Gusuku">Gusuku</a></i></span></li>

<li><a href="Half_tower" title="Half tower">Half tower</a></li>

<li><a href="Hoarding_(castle)" title="Hoarding (castle)">Hoarding</a></li>

<li><a href="Inner_bailey" title="Inner bailey">Inner bailey</a></li>

<li><a href="Kasbah" title="Kasbah">Kasbah</a></li>

<li><span title="Russian-language text"><i lang="ru-Latn"><a href="Kremlin_(fortification)" title="Kremlin (fortification)">Kremlin</a></i></span> (<span title="Russian-language text"><i lang="ru-Latn"><a href="Detinets" title="Detinets">Detinets</a></i></span>)</li>

<li><span title="German-language text"><i lang="de"><a href="Landesburg" title="Landesburg">Landesburg</a></i></span></li>

<li><a href="Loophole" title="Loophole">Loophole</a></li>

<li><a href="L-plan_castle" title="L-plan castle">L-plan castle</a></li>

<li><a href="Machicolation" title="Machicolation">Machicolation</a></li>

<li><span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr"><a href="Merlon" title="Merlon">Merlon</a></i></span></li>

<li><a href="Motte-and-bailey_castle" title="Motte-and-bailey castle">Motte-and-bailey</a></li>

<li><a href="Murder_hole" title="Murder hole">Murder hole</a></li>

<li><a href="Neck_ditch" title="Neck ditch">Neck ditch</a></li>

<li><a href="Outer_bailey" title="Outer bailey">Outer bailey</a></li>

<li><a href="Outwork" title="Outwork">Outwork</a></li>

<li><a href="Parapet" title="Parapet">Parapet</a></li>

<li><a href="Peel_tower" title="Peel tower">Peel tower</a></li>

<li><a href="Portcullis" title="Portcullis">Portcullis</a></li>

<li><a href="Powder_tower" title="Powder tower">Powder tower</a></li>

<li><a href="Qalat_(fortress)" title="Qalat (fortress)">Qalat</a></li>

<li><a href="Reduit" title="Reduit">Reduit</a></li>

<li><a href="Ribat" title="Ribat">Ribat</a></li>

<li><a href="Ricetto" title="Ricetto">Ricetto</a></li>

<li><a href="Ringwork" title="Ringwork">Ringwork</a></li>

<li><a href="Roundel_(fortification)" title="Roundel (fortification)">Roundel</a></li>

<li><a href="Quadrangular_castle" title="Quadrangular castle">Quadrangular castle</a></li>

<li><a href="Shell_keep" title="Shell keep">Shell keep</a></li>

<li><a href="Shield_wall_(castle)" title="Shield wall (castle)">Shield wall</a></li>

<li><span title="Japanese-language text"><i lang="ja-Latn"><a href="Japanese_castle" title="Japanese castle">Shiro</a></i></span></li>

<li><a href="Toll_castle" title="Toll castle">Toll castle</a></li>

<li><a href="Tower_castle" title="Tower castle">Tower castle</a></li>

<li><a href="Tower_house" title="Tower house">Tower house</a></li>

<li><a href="Turret_(architecture)" title="Turret (architecture)">Turret</a></li>

<li><a href="Viking_ring_fortress" title="Viking ring fortress">Viking ring fortress</a></li>

<li><a href="Fortified_tower" title="Fortified tower">Wall tower</a></li>

<li><a href="Bailey_(castle)" title="Bailey (castle)">Bailey (or ward)</a></li>

<li><a href="Watchtower" title="Watchtower">Watchtower</a></li>

<li><a href="Witch_tower" title="Witch tower">Witch tower</a></li>

<li><span title="Japanese-language text"><i lang="ja-Latn"><a href="Yagura_(tower)" title="Yagura (tower)">Yagura</a></i></span></li>

<li><a href="Zwinger" title="Zwinger">Zwinger</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Modern</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:3em">Early modern</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><span title="German-language text"><i lang="de"><a href="Abwurfdach" class="mw-redirect" title="Abwurfdach">Abwurfdach</a></i></span></li>

<li><a href="Arsenal" title="Arsenal">Arsenal</a></li>

<li><a href="Barricade" title="Barricade">Barricade</a></li>

<li><a href="Bastion" title="Bastion">Bastion</a></li>

<li><a href="Blockhouse" title="Blockhouse">Blockhouse</a></li>

<li><a href="Breastwork_(fortification)" title="Breastwork (fortification)">Breastwork</a></li>

<li><a href="Canal" title="Canal">Canal</a></li>

<li><span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr"><a href="Caponier" title="Caponier">Caponier</a></i></span></li>

<li><a href="Casemate" title="Casemate">Casemate</a></li>

<li><a href="Cavalier_(fortification)" title="Cavalier (fortification)">Cavalier</a></li>

<li><a href="Counterguard" title="Counterguard">Counterguard</a></li>

<li><span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr"><a href="Couvreface" title="Couvreface">Couvreface</a></i></span></li>

<li><span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr"><a href="Coupure" title="Coupure">Coupure</a></i></span></li>

<li><a href="Covertway" title="Covertway">Covertway</a></li>

<li><a href="Crownwork" title="Crownwork">Crownwork</a></li>

<li><a href="Device_Forts" title="Device Forts">Device Forts</a></li>

<li><a href="Entrenchment_(fortification)" title="Entrenchment (fortification)">Entrenchment</a></li>

<li><span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr"><a href="Fl%C3%A8che_(fortification)" title="Flèche (fortification)">Flèche</a></i></span></li>

<li><a href="Gorge_(fortification)" title="Gorge (fortification)">Gorge</a></li>

<li><a href="Gunpowder_magazine" title="Gunpowder magazine">Gunpowder magazine</a></li>

<li><a href="Hornwork" title="Hornwork">Hornwork</a></li>

<li><a href="Kotta_mara" title="Kotta mara">Kotta mara</a></li>

<li><span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr"><a href="Lunette_(fortification)" title="Lunette (fortification)">Lunette</a></i></span></li>

<li><a href="Magazine_(artillery)" title="Magazine (artillery)">Magazine</a></li>

<li><span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr"><a href="Orillon" title="Orillon">Orillon</a></i></span></li>

<li><span title="Russian-language text"><i lang="ru-Latn"><a href="Ostrog_(fortress)" title="Ostrog (fortress)">Ostrog</a></i></span></li>

<li><a href="Palanka_(fortification)" title="Palanka (fortification)">Palanka</a></li>

<li><a href="Place-of-arms" title="Place-of-arms">Place-of-arms</a></li>

<li><a href="Polygonal_fort" title="Polygonal fort">Polygonal fort</a></li>

<li><span title="Spanish-language text"><i lang="es"><a href="Presidio" title="Presidio">Presidio</a></i></span> (Spanish America)</li>

<li><a href="Punji_stick" title="Punji stick">Punji sticks</a></li>

<li><span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr"><a href="Ravelin" title="Ravelin">Ravelin</a></i></span></li>

<li><span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr"><a href="Redan" title="Redan">Redan</a></i></span></li>

<li><a href="Redoubt" title="Redoubt">Redoubt</a></li>

<li><a href="Retrenchment_(military)" title="Retrenchment (military)">Retrenchment</a></li>

<li><a href="Sally_port" title="Sally port">Sally port</a></li>

<li><a href="Sandbag" title="Sandbag">Sandbag</a></li>

<li><a href="Counterscarp" title="Counterscarp">Scarp and Counterscarp</a></li>

<li><a href="Sconce_(fortification)" title="Sconce (fortification)">Sconce</a></li>

<li><span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr"><a href="Schanze" title="Schanze">Schanze</a></i></span></li>

<li><a href="Station_(frontier_defensive_structure)" title="Station (frontier defensive structure)">Station</a></li>

<li><span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr"><a href="Tenaille" title="Tenaille">Tenaille</a></i></span></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:3em">19th century</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Barbed_wire" title="Barbed wire">Barbed wire</a></li>

<li><span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr"><a href="Barbette" title="Barbette">Barbette</a></i></span></li>

<li><a href="Border_outpost" title="Border outpost">Border outpost</a></li>

<li><a href="Bunker" title="Bunker">Bunker</a></li>

<li><a href="Coastal_artillery" title="Coastal artillery">Coastal artillery</a></li>

<li><a href="Disappearing_gun" title="Disappearing gun">Disappearing gun</a></li>

<li><a href="Fire_control_tower" title="Fire control tower">Fire control tower</a></li>

<li><a href="Gun_turret" title="Gun turret">Gun turret</a></li>

<li><a href="Martello_tower" title="Martello tower">Martello tower</a></li>

<li><a href="Outpost_(military)" title="Outpost (military)">Outpost</a></li>

<li><a href="Polygonal_fort" title="Polygonal fort">Polygonal fort</a></li>

<li><span title="Persian-language text"><i lang="fa-Latn"><a href="Sangar_(fortification)" title="Sangar (fortification)">Sangar</a></i></span></li>

<li><a href="Wire_obstacle" title="Wire obstacle">Wire obstacles</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:3em">20th century</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Admiralty_scaffolding" title="Admiralty scaffolding">Admiralty scaffolding</a></li>

<li><a href="Air_raid_shelter" title="Air raid shelter">Air raid shelter</a></li>

<li><a href="Anti-tank_trench" title="Anti-tank trench">Anti-tank trench</a></li>

<li><a href="Barbed_tape" class="mw-redirect" title="Barbed tape">Barbed tape</a></li>

<li><a href="Cointet-element" title="Cointet-element">Belgian gate</a></li>

<li><a href="Blast_shelter" title="Blast shelter">Blast shelter</a></li>

<li><a href="Blast_wall" title="Blast wall">Blast wall</a></li>

<li><a href="Border_security" class="mw-redirect" title="Border security">Border security</a></li>

<li><a href="Bomb_shelter" title="Bomb shelter">Bomb shelter</a></li>

<li><a href="Bremer_wall" title="Bremer wall">Bremer wall</a></li>

<li><a href="Concertina_wire" title="Concertina wire">Concertina wire</a></li>

<li><a href="Defensive_fighting_position" title="Defensive fighting position">Defensive fighting position</a></li>

<li><a href="British_anti-invasion_preparations_of_the_Second_World_War#Lines_and_islands" title="British anti-invasion preparations of the Second World War">British "hedgehog" road block</a></li>

<li><a href="Czech_hedgehog" title="Czech hedgehog">Czech hedgehog</a></li>

<li><a href="Dragon's_teeth_(fortification)" title="Dragon's teeth (fortification)">Dragon's teeth</a></li>

<li><a href="Forward_operating_base" title="Forward operating base">Entry control point (ECP)</a></li>

<li><a href="Electric_fence" title="Electric fence">Electric fence</a></li>

<li><a href="Fallout_shelter" title="Fallout shelter">Fallout shelter</a></li>

<li><a href="Fire_support_base" title="Fire support base">Fire support base</a></li>

<li><a href="Flak_tower" title="Flak tower">Flak tower</a></li>

<li><a href="Hardened_aircraft_shelter" title="Hardened aircraft shelter">Hardened aircraft shelter</a></li>

<li><a href="Hesco_bastion" title="Hesco bastion">Hesco bastion</a></li>

<li><a href="Kabal_(earthworks)" title="Kabal (earthworks)">Kabal</a></li>

<li><a href="Loophole_(firearm)" title="Loophole (firearm)">Loophole</a></li>

<li><a href="Main_line_of_resistance" title="Main line of resistance">Main line of resistance</a></li>

<li><a href="Missile_launch_facility" title="Missile launch facility">Missile launch facility</a></li>

<li><a href="Pillbox_(military)" title="Pillbox (military)">Pillbox</a></li>

<li><a href="Revetment_(aircraft)" title="Revetment (aircraft)">Revetment</a></li>

<li><a href="Sentry_gun" title="Sentry gun">Sentry gun</a></li>

<li><a href="Spider_hole" title="Spider hole">Spider hole</a></li>

<li><a href="Submarine_pen" title="Submarine pen">Submarine pen</a></li>

<li><a href="Underground_hangar" title="Underground hangar">Underground hangar</a></li>

<li><a href="Weapon_storage_area" title="Weapon storage area">Weapon storage area</a></li>

<li><a href="Weapons_Storage_and_Security_System" title="Weapons Storage and Security System">Weapons Storage and Security System</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">By topography</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Cave_castle" title="Cave castle">Cave castle</a></li>

<li><a href="Hill_castle" title="Hill castle">Hill castle</a></li>

<li><a href="Hillfort" title="Hillfort">Hillfort</a></li>

<li><a href="Hillside_castle" title="Hillside castle">Hillside castle</a></li>

<li><a href="Hilltop_castle" title="Hilltop castle">Hilltop castle</a></li>

<li><a href="Island_castle" title="Island castle">Island castle</a></li>

<li><a href="Lowland_castle" title="Lowland castle">Lowland castle</a></li>

<li><a href="Marsh_castle" title="Marsh castle">Marsh castle</a></li>

<li><a href="Water_castle" title="Water castle">Moated castle</a></li>

<li><a href="Promontory_fort" title="Promontory fort">Promontory fort</a></li>

<li><a href="Ridge_castle" title="Ridge castle">Ridge castle</a></li>

<li><span title="Italian-language text"><i lang="it"><a href="Rocca_(fortification)" title="Rocca (fortification)">Rocca</a></i></span></li>

<li><a href="Rock_castle" title="Rock castle">Rock castle</a></li>

<li><a href="Spur_castle" title="Spur castle">Spur castle</a></li>

<li><a href="Water_castle" title="Water castle">Water castle</a></li>

<li><a href="Kotta_mara" title="Kotta mara">Floating water castle</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">By role</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Border_barrier" title="Border barrier">Border barrier</a></li>

<li><a href="Coastal_defence_and_fortification" title="Coastal defence and fortification">Coastal defence</a></li>

<li><a href="Coercion_castle" title="Coercion castle">Coercion castle</a></li>

<li><a href="Counter-castle" title="Counter-castle">Counter-castle</a></li>

<li><a href="Fence" title="Fence">Fence</a></li>

<li><i><a href="Ganerbenburg" title="Ganerbenburg">Ganerbenburg</a></i></li>

<li><a href="Jagdschloss" title="Jagdschloss">Hunting lodge</a></li>

<li><a href="Imperial_castle" title="Imperial castle">Imperial castle</a></li>

<li><span title="German-language text"><i lang="de"><a href="Kaiserpfalz" title="Kaiserpfalz">Kaiserpfalz</a></i></span></li>

<li><span title="German-language text"><i lang="de"><a href="Landesburg" title="Landesburg">Landesburg</a></i></span></li>

<li><span title="German-language text"><i lang="de"><a href="Lustschloss" title="Lustschloss">Lustschloss</a></i></span></li>

<li><a href="Military_base" title="Military base">Military base</a></li>

<li><a href="Obstacle" title="Obstacle">Obstacle</a></li>

<li><span title="German-language text"><i lang="de"><a href="Ordensburg" title="Ordensburg">Ordensburg</a></i></span></li>

<li><a href="Refuge_castle" title="Refuge castle">Refuge castle</a></li>

<li><a href="Toll_castle" title="Toll castle">Toll castle</a></li>

<li><a href="Urban_castle" title="Urban castle">Urban castle</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">By design</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Bastion_fort" title="Bastion fort">Bastion fort</a></li>

<li><a href="Bridge_castle" title="Bridge castle">Bridge castle</a></li>

<li><a href="Circular_rampart" title="Circular rampart">Circular rampart</a></li>

<li><a href="Concentric_castle" title="Concentric castle">Concentric castle</a></li>

<li><a href="L-plan_castle" title="L-plan castle">L-plan castle</a></li>

<li><a href="Motte-and-bailey_castle" title="Motte-and-bailey castle">Motte-and-bailey castle</a></li>

<li><a href="Quadrangular_castle" title="Quadrangular castle">Quadrangular castle</a></li>

<li><a href="Ringfort" title="Ringfort">Ringfort</a></li>

<li><a href="Ringwork" title="Ringwork">Ringwork</a></li>

<li><a href="Tower_castle" title="Tower castle">Tower castle</a></li>

<li><a href="Z-plan_castle" title="Z-plan castle">Z-plan castle</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Lists</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="List_of_bastion_forts" title="List of bastion forts">Bastion forts</a></li>

<li><a href="List_of_castles" title="List of castles">Castles</a></li>

<li><a href="List_of_cities_with_defensive_walls" title="List of cities with defensive walls">Cities with defensive walls</a></li>

<li><a href="Defense_line" title="Defense line">Defense line</a></li>

<li><a href="Fortified_estate" class="mw-redirect" title="Fortified estate">Fortified estate</a></li>

<li><a href="List_of_fortifications" title="List of fortifications">Fortifications</a></li>

<li><a href="List_of_forts" title="List of forts">Forts</a></li>

<li><a href="Lists_of_military_installations" title="Lists of military installations">Military installations</a></li>

<li><a href="List_of_walls" title="List of walls">Walls</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related word</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Castle_town" title="Castle town">Castle town</a></li>

<li><a href="Ch%C3%A2teau" title="Château">Château</a></li>

<li><a href="Dungeon" title="Dungeon">Dungeon</a></li>

<li><a href="Festung" title="Festung">Festung</a></li>

<li><a href="Fortified_gateway" title="Fortified gateway">Fortified gateway</a></li>

<li><a href="Gatekeeper" title="Gatekeeper">Gatekeeper</a></li>

<li><a href="Loophole_(firearm)" title="Loophole (firearm)">Loophole</a></li>

<li><a href="National_redoubt" title="National redoubt">National redoubt</a></li>

<li><a href="Palas" title="Palas">Palas</a></li>

<li><a href="Picket_(military)" title="Picket (military)">Picket</a></li>

<li><a href="Schloss" title="Schloss">Schloss</a></li>

<li><a href="Trench" title="Trench">Trench</a></li>

<li><a href="Vedette_(sentry)" title="Vedette (sentry)">Vedette</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Civil_defense" title="Civil defense">Civil defense</a></li>

<li><a href="Continuity_of_government" title="Continuity of government">Continuity of government</a></li>

<li><a href="Military_urbanism" title="Military urbanism">Military urbanism</a></li>

<li><a href="Subterranean_warfare" title="Subterranean warfare">Subterranean warfare</a></li>

<li><a href="Siege" title="Siege">Siege</a></li>

<li><a href="Siege_engine" title="Siege engine">Siege engine</a>

<li><a href="Tunnel_warfare" title="Tunnel warfare">Tunnel warfare</a></li>

<li><a href="Trench_warfare" title="Trench warfare">Trench warfare</a></li>

<li><a href="Urban_warfare" title="Urban warfare">Urban warfare</a>

<ul><li><a href="Urban_guerrilla_warfare" class="mw-redirect" title="Urban guerrilla warfare">Guerrilla</a></li></ul></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow hlist" colspan="2"><div>

<ul><li><span class="nobold">See also</span>: <b><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"></span></span> Category</b></li></ul>

</div></td></tr></tbody></table></div></div><div><div class="zim-footer">

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